Index
1 Giant Mind 212f.
acceptance 4, 36f., 45, 98, 103, 105, 107–110, 142, 152, 154f., 171f., 182, 199ff., 221, 232, 234f., 240, 243, 250, 253, 257
Acem Meditation 6, 29f., 35, 40, 45f., 55, 59, 62, 65, 75ff., 86, 91, 103, 109–113, 117–124, 127–134, 139, 160, 168f., 173f., 176, 178, 180, 183, 187–207, 211–214, 223f., 228f., 231, 238f., 241, 263–269
actualization 5, 188, 194, 196, 198, 228
adaptive function 29, 45, 66f.
adrenaline ( or epinephrine) 55ff.
affective disorder 23
aggression 20, 102, 128, 130, 132
alertness 89, 108, 201, 224, 227, 235, 243
alienation 135–158
alpha wave 10, 24, 61–64, 176–179, 239
amygdala 22, 28, 46
anapanasati 242
anxiety 20, 23, 84f., 87f., 92, 94, 100, 171, 193, 196, 214
app 22, 211–214, 244n
arousal 42, 52, 56, 60
association areas 38f.
associative learning 79
atman 254
attention 6f., 9, 16–21, 25, 29f., 36, 38f., 42–46, 60, 65f., 75, 77–81, 85f., 93f., 108–111, 113f., 173, 176, 178, 191, 196, 221f., 224–228, 230f., 233–238, 243, 258; see also awareness; center of attention; concentrated attention; defocused attention; directed attention; effortless attention; focus (of attention); free-floating attention; fringe of attention; involuntary attention; mode of attention; periphery (of attention), 231; relaxed attention; social attention; sustained attention; voluntary attention; wide-angled attention
attention network 19, 111
attention training 79, 110, 227, 233, 237
autobiographical memory 42f., 64, 66
autobiographical thought 7, 168
Autogenic Training 196, 205n
autogenous response 240
autohypnosis ( or self-hypnosis) 199, 239
automatic response 50ff., 240
automatic self-transcendence 202
autonomic function 52
autonomic nerve activity 50, 54, 63, 79
autonomic nervous system 51, 57f., 59f., 67, 70
autonomic process11
autonomic relaxation 49, 51f.
autonomic response 240
autonomic stress reaction 52
autonomy 141–145, 152, 154, 158
autosuggestion ( or self-suggestion) 199, 204
avoid(ance) 100, 106ff., 149, 152, 200
awareness 42, 51, 59, 162f., 173, 194, 214f., 220, 224, 227, 231, 236f., 242, 251; see also attention; meta-awareness; meta-cognitive awareness; self-awareness
behavior 44, 92, 99–105, 107, 109f., 112ff., 130, 144, 151, 157, 174, 176, 194, 222, 227ff., 241, 250, 257
behavior therapy 92, 93, 95; see also cognitive behavioral therapy; Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
behavioral approach 230, 243
behavioral flexibility 79
behavioral pattern ( or pattern of behavior) 174, 192, 194, 222, 241
being vs. doing 171f.
Benson, Herbert 53, 71f., 86, 175, 190f., 193, 195, 197, 199f., 202, 212, 223, 227, 229, 239f.
beta wave 61ff., 178f.
Bhagavad Gita 255
biofeedback 64, 205n
Blavatsky, Madame Helena 164f.
blind spots 133
bliss(fulness) 162f., 168f., 201, 205n, 213ff., 234
blood flow 7, 38, 57
blood pressure 11, 51f., 56f., 69–82, 85, 95, 175, 190, 239; see also hypertension
bodily pain 120
body scanning 56, 225, 236, 242
borderline hypertension ( or blood pressure) 71f., 76
borderline personality disorder 172
bottom-up (approach) 12, 199, 220, 238–241, 243
Brahman 254
Braid, James 163
brain 2f., 5f., 8, 10, 16–32, 33–48, 49–68, 77f., 99, 110–113, 160f., 168, 175–182, 190, 199f., 232f., 239
brain activation pattern 26, 46, 233
brain area 2f., 19, 22, 24f., 27f., 37ff., 41f., 46, 64f., 177f., 180, 232
brain network 5, 19, 28, 38f., 51f., 64, 110f.; see also attention network; central executive network; default mode network; limbic system; neural network; salience network
brain scan(ning) 21, 39, 46, 50f., 64, 175; see also neuroimaging
brain scanning (spontaneous, autonomic) 19, 34, 43f.
brain wave 10, 60–64, 161, 175–179, 190, 233, 239; see also alpha wave; beta wave; delta wave; gamma wave; theta wave
brain wave pattern 61, 177–180
brain wave vibration meditation 24f.
breath(ing) 7, 9, 36, 51, 53, 56ff., 63, 86, 163, 172, 196, 200, 221, 225f., 234–238, 242, 258, 264; see also prana; respiration
breathing meditation 7, 10, 13n, 59f., 63, 65, 106, 217n, 225f., 230, 236, 238, 242
breathing meditation with self-observation 226
breathing pattern ( or pattern of breathing) 51, 58
Buddhism 45, 165, 169–173, 176, 179, 182, 202, 211, 224, 242, 249, 254–258; see also chán; Zen
Calm 211
cardiovascular health ( or disease) 57f., 72, 77, 79–81, 95, 243
carotid artery 78
Carrington, Patricia 85ff., 89, 120, 191, 193, 195ff., 199f., 202, 212, 223
categorical imperative 141, 144, 157
censorship 99, 101, 106f., 110
center of attention 29
central executive network 26
chán 45; see also Zen
children 104ff., 110
Christianity 199, 202, 250ff., 254
chronic pain 84, 93f.
cingulate cortex 21
Clinically Standardized Meditation (CSM) 6, 85f., 90, 160, 183, 188, 191ff., 196f., 199, 201f., 204, 212, 217n, 223, 231
Cloud of Unknowing, The 249, 252f.
coercion 154, 157
cognition; see externally directed cognition; internally directed cognition
cognitive activity 23
cognitive approach 230f., 243
cognitive (behavioral) (psycho) therapy 37, 102, 106, 169, 171f., 224
cognitive change 178
cognitive control 25
cognitive disengagement 29
cognitive flexibility 79, 113
cognitive function 38, 78; see also higher cognitive function
cognitive pattern ( or pattern of cognition) 192, 194
cognitive perspective 228
cognitive processing 46
cognitive psychology 4, 99, 103, 105f., 169, 176
cognitive residue 24
cognitive task 21, 38
communication 156f.
communication group 168, 173
concentration 4, 8, 16–20, 23f., 26–29, 46, 62f., 65, 73ff., 78f., 88, 106, 111, 139, 142, 164, 168, 174, 191, 200, 221, 232f., 240f., 255, 258
concentrative ( or concentrated) attention ( or focus) 20, 29, 65, 78f.
concentrative meditation ( or practice or technique) 76, 106, 166, 191, 221, 255
concentrative relaxation 76
confidence 74, 100, 120, 127, 131
connectivity 23, 26, 234
conscious act 107, 256
conscious mental activity ( or emotion or experience or sense) 19, 37, 45
conscious mind 88, 110f., 113
conscious task 37
consciousness 5, 28, 122, 131, 164f., 167, 193, 198, 201f., 204, 216, 220f., 223, 225, 228–231, 237, 241, 244; see also pure consciousness; stream of consciousness; non-conscious; subconscious; unconscious
consolidat(ion) 28, 43, 45, 66, 113
contemplation 248, 250, 252ff.
control 19, 37, 42, 50ff., 79, 93, 97–116, 133, 142–145, 151, 154ff., 168f., 173, 215, 243, 256; behavioral 99f., 102–105, 109f., 112, 114, 151; cognitive 25; see also mind control; self-control; thought control
control group 55ff., 73–79, 85, 87, 90–95, 119ff.; active 75, 90, 92f., 95; passive 75, 90, 94
cortex 19, 21f., 25–28, 37ff., 41, 45f., 99; see also cingulate cortex; prefrontal cortex
counterculture 166f., 171, 223
counting the breaths; see so-soku
creative incubation 112
creativity 5, 17, 30, 40f., 98f., 112ff., 132, 138, 143, 179, 232
Dao 255
Daoism 202, 254ff.
daydreaming 7, 64, 74, 113, 204; see also mind wandering;
de-contextualization 189
deepening retreat 30, 197, 203
default mode network 2f., 5–11, 13n, 16, 19–26, 33–48, 64–67, 111, 168, 179ff., 233f.
default mode network hub 41ff.
default mode network subsystem 34, 41ff.
defocused attention 29
deliberate activity 7ff., 99, 111; see also spontaneous activity
delta wave 61ff., 178
dementia 71f., 77
demonic thoughts 250f.
denial 107, 150
depression 5, 10, 23, 29, 44, 79, 84f., 87ff., 93f., 171f., 179, 193, 224, 233
detached self-observation 225, 230, 236
detach(ment) 59, 149f.
dharana 255
dhyana 164, 255
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) 172
dialogue 129, 134, 157, 188, 193, 210, 212, 231
digression 7, 179, 250, 255
directed attention 18, 29, 75, 86
directive meditation 9–12, 13n, 46, 111, 165, 204, 205n; see also nondirective meditation
discipline 100, 105, 111, 139, 241, 255
discomfort 87, 194, 196, 214
disease prevention 71, 77, 79ff.
disorder 20, 23, 29, 44, 93, 95, 172; see also borderline personality disorder; depression; post-traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder
disown(ment) 104f., 107, 112, 150
distance 131, 137, 148–157
distanced perspective/stance 148
distortion 20, 87, 128ff., 147, 149f., 154, 156
distraction ( or distracting thought) 17, 29, 45, 47, 99, 109, 111, 193, 200, 215, 232, 243
divided self 154
doing vs. being, see being vs. doing
drowsiness 228, 235f., 243
drug addiction 193
EEG ( or electroencephalography) 24, 26, 61, 177f., 180
effect 4, 11, 17, 24ff., 28, 37, 51, 53f., 57, 59f., 70–74, 76f., 79, 81, 84f., 88–96, 106, 110, 119ff., 142, 144, 148ff., 161, 171–176, 180f., 190–196, 198, 200f., 203f., 214f., 221ff., 227–230, 233, 235, 238–244, 255; see also health effect; interpersonal outcome; long-term effect; paradoxical effect; placebo effect; short-term effect; side effect; result
effort 8, 10, 27, 29f., 46, 59f., 63, 65, 103, 107, 128f., 133, 138f., 142, 174, 192, 201, 224, 225, 227, 231, 234, 236f., 244, 249, 252, 259
effortless(ness) 8f., 19f., 29, 50f., 53, 60, 65, 67, 113f., 189, 215, 221, 227, 237, 240, 249
effortless attention 20, 29
ekagrata 255
ekagrya 255
electroencephalography, see EEG
Eliade, Mircea 164, 168
emotion ( or feeling) 3f., 7, 19–26, 28, 37, 40f., 43f., 46f., 52, 54, 59f., 66, 75, 88, 92, 98–110, 112–114, 122f., 127, 131–134, 138f., 142, 144, 147–152, 154f., 171–174, 176, 178f., 192–195, 197, 199–202, 204, 213, 225f., 228, 230, 234, 238; see also mood; moral feeling; negative emotion; passion; positive emotion; sentiment; stressful emotion
emotional pattern 192
emotional processing ( or processing of emotions) 2f., 11, 16f., 19–26, 28, 46f., 51, 65f., 161, 178ff., 192, 198, 228, 232
emotional tag 44
emotional vulnerability 123
empathy 5, 22, 92, 126, 134, 148, 155, 179, 195, 232
empty mind ( or consciousness) 3ff., 45, 164, 182, 249
energy 17f., 20, 24, 38, 44, 73, 75, 77, 85, 88ff., 93, 103f., 112, 113, 139, 142, 148f., 191, 232, 235, 255, 263; see also mental energy
Enlightenment 146, 164
environment 5, 16, 18ff., 28, 41, 45, 66, 75, 89, 162
epinephrine; see adrenaline
episodic memory 29, 43, 65, 149
esoteric science 161f., 164ff., 180f.
esotericism 168
ethics 137f., 141, 157
Evagrios Pontikos 250f., 253, 259n
event-related thought 40
exhaustion 17, 23, 30, 45, 127
existential 100, 114, 189, 203f., 210, 212, 216
existential anxiety 100
expectation 73f., 77, 80f., 87, 94f., 105, 120f., 127f., 215, 232, 242
experience 5, 18, 22ff., 35, 41–46, 51f., 54, 59, 63, 66f., 86, 88f., 91, 100, 103, 108, 110, 113, 119ff., 123, 126, 128, 134, 137ff., 142–145, 148, 153, 155f., 160, 163f., 168, 174, 180–183, 192–197, 198, 200–204, 211, 212f., 225, 229, 232, 241, 251f., 257, 264
experienced ( vs. non-experienced) meditators 25, 45f., 62, 233f.
expression 103f., 203, 213, 234, 252
externally directed cognition 27
falling asleep 143, 205n, 213, 228, 235; see also sleep problem; sleep quality
fantasy 7, 64, 103, 107, 128, 156, 204, 225, 252
fatigue 18ff., 26, 28, 30, 45, 85, 87f., 109, 130, 139, 235, 243
feed and breed ( or rest and digest) 57
feelings; see emotions
fight or flight ( or fight-flight response) 57, 175
flexibility 26, 79, 98, 109, 112ff., 197, 201, 228, 233, 241, 243; see also behavioral flexibility; mental flexibility
flow 7, 9, 18, 30, 110, 128, 131f., 142, 149, 162f., 198, 225, 231, 237, 240; see also blood flow
fMRI ( or functional magnetic resonance imaging) 21, 25, 46, 50f., 64, 172, 179f.
focus (of attention; or focused attention) 9, 16–20, 25, 27, 30, 43, 51, 60, 63, 74, 85f., 99, 106, 110–114, 138, 178, 201, 221, 231, 234, 237, 241, 244n, 258; see also concentrative attention; defocused attention
free association 170
free mental attitude 2, 4, 8ff., 13n, 15ff., 20, 24, 29f., 46, 50, 75, 109f., 113f., 130, 132, 134, 144f., 150, 154–157, 172, 194, 203, 220f., 223, 234, 237, 240, 249
free will 141
freedom 74, 98, 101, 103, 110, 112, 114, 143, 157, 198, 201, 204, 237, 249, 256f.
free-floating attention 16f., 18f.
Freud, Sigmund 169
fringe of attention 29, 36; see also periphery
Fromm, Erich 170
functional magnetic resonance imaging, see fMRI
future (plans; scenarios; thoughts; envisioning of; speculation about) 5, 19, 34ff., 40, 42–45, 47, 64ff., 109, 162, 172, 179, 232
galvanic skin conductance ( or galvanic skin response) 11, 175, 178
gamma wave 63, 179
goal orientation 11, 40, 61–64, 66, 165, 171f., 201, 220, 239, 241
group meditation 197
group-psychological process 173
guidance ( or meditation guidance) 134, 140, 142, 144, 150, 174, 188, 190, 192–197, 203ff., 212f., 215f., 231, 241, 263; see also individual guidance; process guidance; technical guidance
guidance group 150
guided meditation 172, 211, 213, 241, 244n
habituation 180
Hanshan Deqing 249, 256ff., 259n
headache 52, 77, 130, 205n
Headspace 211
health education 76ff., 80f., 92
health effect 11, 70ff., 74, 76f., 79ff., 84f., 88, 91, 93–96
health, security, and environment (HSE) program 89
heart attack 71, 77, 80
heart rate ( or heartbeat; pulse) 11, 51–60, 175, 178, 190, 232, 239
heart rate variability 11, 51, 58ff., 63, 176, 233
Hemachandra 257
here-and-now 19, 221
Hesychios the Priest of Sinai 251, 253
higher cognitive function 38
Hinduism 173, 190, 199, 238, 242
hippocampus 22, 46
Holen, Are 173, 190, 192, 223, 229, 231
hormone 55f., 67, 175; see also stress hormone
Hume, David 138, 146ff., 150f., 153f., 158n.
hypertension 56, 71f., 75, 77f., 80, 94; see also blood pressure
hypnosis ( or hypnotism) 53, 160, 162ff., 168f., 174, 178; see also autohypnosis; mesmerism
image(ry) 4, 7, 27f., 36, 40, 61, 149, 191, 197, 251; see also self-image
imagination 7, 42, 232
impartial perspective 148, 153
inclinations 141f., 145, 151f.
individual guidance 150, 212
initiation ceremony ( or ritual) 190, 212
innovation ( or innovative thinking/ thoughts) 98f., 113f.
insecurity 107, 128, 132, 148f., 156
insight meditation 257
insula 22, 28
integrated ethics 137f., 157
integrated person 132f., 157
interacting cognitive subsystems (ICS) 171
internal(ized) reward and punishment 151, 154, 157
internally directed cognition 27
interpersonal outcome 92
interpretation 6f., 54, 144, 167f., 174f.
introspection 5, 64
introspective sensitivity 220, 228, 243
involuntary attention ( or awareness) 29, 42
involuntary response 239f.
Inward Training 256
irritability 23, 88, 123, 132f., 193
Ishvara 254
Jainism 257
japa 242
jealousy 148ff., 154, 156
judgment 136, 144, 148, 151
judgmental thought ( or thinking) 129, 226, 234; see also metathought
Kabat-Zinn, Jon 171, 224f.
Kant, Immanuel 138, 140–147, 151, 153f., 157n, 158n
Kluge, Carl Alexander Ferdinand 162
know thyself 145
laboratory research 161, 168, 175, 179–182
lactate response 176
laxness 240
learning 41, 79, 89, 92
length of meditation 196
let go 5, 10, 110, 113, 126, 129, 133, 142f., 145, 172, 226, 234, 237, 240
lie detector; see polygraph
lifestyle modification ( or change) 74, 76, 210, 216
limbic system 52f.
logismoi 250, 259n
long meditation 142, 144, 188, 192, 197, 203, 215, 231
long-term effect 11, 71, 77, 191, 203, 215, 222, 227–230, 240f., 255
long-term psychological change 127, 236
longevity 71, 77–80
loving-kindness meditation 10, 25, 59f., 65, 172, 225, 242
magical-mythological world view 203
Mahesh Yogi (Maharishi) 166ff., 171, 175, 191, 193, 197, 201f., 211, 223
mantra 9, 165, 189, 191, 198–201, 212, 214f., 227f., 236f., 240, 244n; see also meditation sound
measurement 3, 12n, 50, 60, 63, 71f., 78, 161, 180ff.; see also quantitative studies
mechanisms of change ( or working mechanisms) 12, 24, 67, 132, 145, 164, 238ff.
mediation 156f.
meditation; see 1 Giant Mind; Acem Meditation; anapanasati; Autogenic Training; autohypnosis; autosuggestion; biofeedback; body scanning; brain wave vibration meditation; breathing meditation; breathing meditation with self-observation; Calm; Clinically Standarized Meditation; contemplation; directive meditation; guided meditation; Headspace; hypnosis; insight meditation; japa; loving-kindness meditation; mesmerism; mindfulness meditation; Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy; Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction; Natural Stress Relief; NonDirective Meditation; nondirective meditation; observing-thoughts meditation; open monitoring; permissive meditation; Primordial Sound Meditation; Progressive (Muscle) Relaxation; quiet sitting; Relaxation Response; Silent Illumination; so-soku; TM; Vedic meditation; Vipassana; yoga
meditation cycle 221f., 225f., 228, 230, 244n
meditation guidance; see guidance
meditation habit 210, 214, 242, 263
meditation object 7ff., 36, 109, 178, 221f., 225, 232ff., 236f., 243, 244n, 258; see also breath; breathing; mantra; meditation sound; neutral; non-associative; non-semantic; non-symbolic; self-generated meditation object; spontaneous meditation object; sound-based meditation object
meditation sound 2, 7ff., 29, 37f., 46, 51, 65, 74, 86, 103, 109, 111, 113f., 126f., 129f., 132ff., 138f., 141f., 144, 150, 154f., 172, 174, 176, 182, 189, 191f., 194, 198–201, 203, 212, 221, 227–231, 236ff., 240, 242; see also mantra.
melatonin 176
memory 5, 19, 29, 42, 61, 64, 66, 92, 109, 113, 149; see also autobiographical memory; episodic memory
memory retrieval 2f., 11, 180, 232
mental activity 7ff., 19, 20, 25, 29f., 36f., 39, 59ff., 64f., 114, 122, 181, 237; see also cognitive activity; conscious mental activity; deliberate activity; spontaneous activity
mental distress 119f., 122
mental energy 20, 24, 44, 89, 93, 112
mental flexibility 26, 243
mental health 66, 78–81
mental image; see imagery
mental processing 25, 29, 49ff., 60, 65ff., 89
mental state ( or state of mind) 62, 162f., 167, 177, 201, 203, 205n, 211, 213f., 234, 240f.
mental task 45, 60
Mesmer, Franz 162
mesmerism 162f., 169, 182; see also hypnosis
meta-analysis 92–96
meta-awareness 60
meta-cognitive awareness 173
metathought 128ff., 234; see also judgmental thought
micro-break 18
micro-change 133
mind control 110, 168, 243
mind wandering 3ff., 7f., 10, 19–27, 30–40, 42, 44ff., 64f., 101, 110–114, 160f., 179–182, 189, 200f., 220ff., 226–229, 232ff., 243f., 244n, 249f., 254ff., 258f.; see also daydreaming; spontaneous activity; stimulus-independent thought; stream of consciousness; stream of thoughts; task-unrelated thought; uninvited thought
mindfulness 4, 10ff., 40, 59, 65, 92f., 111, 169, 171ff., 178f., 191, 211, 220–225, 227f., 230f., 233–244, 257
mindfulness meditation 10f., 25, 36f., 45f., 94f., 99, 108, 110, 113, 171f., 176, 178, 183, 220f., 224, 226f., 235–243
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) 171, 224, 226, 233f., 241f.
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) 171, 224
mini-meditation 87
mode of attention 19f., 30, 191, 230
monitoring 28, 52, 108, 110, 176, 179, 220, 223, 227, 229, 237; see also open monitoring; self-monitoring
monitoring process 108
mood 29, 40, 44, 88, 94, 126, 176, 193, 204, 243; see also emotion; passion; sentiment
moral feeling 147
moral law 140, 147, 151
moral maturity 153
moral philosophy 136f., 141f., 147
moral rule 137, 145, 154
moral sentiment 147
morality 137, 141, 145, 147, 151, 153f., 157, 158n
motivation 88ff., 148, 182, 194, 197, 212, 242
muscles 51ff., 74ff., 81, 85f., 92f., 96, 109, 122, 215; see also Progressive Muscle Relaxation
muscular pain 91, 119, 121f.
muscular tension 28, 52f., 86
mysticism 166f., 173, 202, 214, 252
narcissism 107
Natural Stress Relief 214
nature 13n, 16ff., 20, 30, 112, 138, 146, 158n, 213, 255f.
negative emotion ( or affect; mood; thinking; thought) 25, 54, 88, 92, 106f., 123
negative self-image 88, 127ff., 235
nervousness 87, 91, 119–123, 214, 243
neural network 51f., 64, 110f.; see also brain network
neuroimaging 95, 161, 175f., 179–182; see also brain scanning; EEG; fMRI; PET; SPECT
neurotic personality trait 92, 121
neutral (meditation object) 109, 113, 198, 212, 214, 231, 237f.
neutrality 21f., 149
New Age 166
non-associative (meditation object) 238
non-conscious 228; see also subconscious; unconscious
non-judgmental attitude 129
non-semantic (meditation object) 2, 8f., 113, 198, 238
non-symbolic (meditation object) 2, 8f., 198, 238
NonDirective Meditation 215
nondirective meditation (definition) 6f., 9, 11
noradrenaline ( or norepinephrine) 55f.
norepinephrine; see noradrenaline
normalization ( or normalizing) 195, 205n
norms 99ff., 151, 153
objective point of view 137, 153
observing-thoughts meditation 59, 65; see also open monitoring
obsessive-compulsive disorder 23
online course 210ff., 214ff.
open monitoring 10, 25, 179; see also observing-thoughts meditation
openness 40, 112, 194, 199, 228
organic response 240
oxygen consumption ( or oxygen uptake) 11, 38, 175, 178, 190, 232, 239
pain 52, 84f., 88, 91, 93f., 119–122, 132, 147, 150, 158, 171, 196, 224; see also bodily pain; chronic pain; muscular pain
paradoxical effect 194ff., 204, 213, 215
parasympathetic nervous system 57f., 60, 63, 176
parenting 104f.
parietal lobule 26, 177
passion 147, 158n; see also emotion; mood; sentiment
past 3, 5, 12, 19, 34ff., 40, 42–47, 109, 162, 172, 232
pattern 122, 133, 174, 194, 196; see also behavioral pattern; brain activation pattern; brain wave pattern; breathing pattern; cognitive pattern; emotional pattern; perceptual pattern; reaction pattern
perception 19, 38, 42, 44, 73, 85, 87, 108, 126, 128, 130, 174, 178, 222, 225, 227ff., 241
perceptual pattern (pattern of perception) 126, 174, 222, 241
periphery (of attention) 29, 231; see also fringe of attention
permissive meditation 193, 200
personal point of view 136f., 153
personality 92, 99, 121, 129, 151, 174, 212, 229, 264
personal(ity) development 96, 126f., 155, 192f., 197, 213, 229, 240f., 263f.
pessimism 88
PET ( or positron emission tomography) 39, 179
phenomena 252, 254
physiological relaxation 11, 53ff., 59f., 161, 175f., 178, 198, 216, 232
physiology 190, 193, 195, 198, 201f.
placebo effect 73f.
planning 5, 38, 113, 232
pleasure 147, 158n
polygraph ( or lie detector) 54
positive emotion ( or affect; feeling; mood; thinking; thought) 40, 54, 59f., 92, 94, 103, 106, 112, 131, 234
positive expectation 73f., 77, 81, 95
positive self-image ( or self-esteem) 127, 131
positron emission tomography; see PET
post-suppression rebound 108
post-traumatic stress disorder 23, 43
posture 191, 235, 242ff., 264
prakriti 254
prana 163
prayer 164, 251, 253
prefrontal cortex 21f., 25–28, 46, 99
preparation for the future 65f.
present (moment) 26, 66, 108, 113, 172
pressure 18, 74, 118f.
primary cortical area ( or region) 37f.
Primordial Sound Meditation 216
problem solving 36, 38, 41, 62, 66, 133, 144
process guidance 192
process orientation 203
processing 24, 26, 41f., 47, 108, 113, 196, 198, 231; see also cognitive processing; emotional processing; mental processing; psychological processing; regulation; self-image processing; spontaneous (mental) processing
processing of experiences 5, 67, 108
processing of memories 3, 47, 178f., 198, 232
processing of stress 24
Progressive (Muscle) Relaxation 74–77, 85ff., 90, 119, 205n
psycho-social stress 76
psychoanalysis 29, 168ff., 182, 193, 234
psychodynamic therapy 198
psychological issue 12, 96, 132, 193, 195, 197, 215, 243
psychological potential 188f., 204, 216
psychological process 173, 190ff., 194, 197, 199, 204, 214, 216, 236
psychological processing 188f., 192, 201, 232, 237
psychological symptom 75, 85, 93, 95
psychology 99, 108, 143, 167, 169f., 173, 190f., 193, 197, 201; see also cognitive psychology
psychology of meditation 127, 161, 168f., 173f., 180f., 183, 192, 194
psychotherapy 93, 102, 109, 168f., 170ff., 188, 190–193, 196, 204, 231
pulse; see heart rate
pure consciousness 201, 241
purusha 254
qualitative studies 182
quality of life 75, 85, 95, 120
quantitative studies 182; see also measurement
questionnaire 73, 87–91, 121f., 182
quiet sitting 166
Raichle, Marcus 39
rational agent 141, 153
rationalism 137f., 142
re-contextualization 189, 191
reaction formation 169f., 234
reaction pattern 28, 123
receptive(ness; or receptivity) 112f., 231, 237
reflection 18, 41f., 64, 66, 112ff., 140, 148, 154, 157, 165, 189, 192, 203, 231, 263
regulation 59, 111, 140f.; see also control; processing; self-regulation
regulation of behavior ( or actions) 44, 100f., 103ff., 112, 141, 147, 151
regulation of blood pressure 52, 57, 70
regulation of emotion ( or mood) 20, 172, 176
regulatory capacity 113
relationships 41, 47, 88ff., 92, 132, 143, 148f., 152f., 156, 194
relaxation 3–6, 10ff., 44, 50–55, 57–64, 67, 73–78, 80f., 85, 87ff., 92f., 96, 106, 109–114, 119ff., 123, 128, 131, 134, 139, 142, 145, 149, 160, 174–179, 189, 191f., 194, 199, 201–204, 216, 220, 226–230, 232, 235ff., 239ff., 243, 263; see also autonomic relaxation; concentrative relaxation; physiological relaxation; Progressive (Muscle) Relaxation
Relaxation Response (technique) 6, 53, 65, 73, 77, 85f., 90, 119, 193, 197, 199f., 204, 212, 223
relaxation response (physiological reflex) 11, 24, 53, 57, 60, 161, 173ff., 178, 180, 190, 195, 198, 227, 229, 232, 241, 244
relaxed attention 113, 191
religion 165, 167, 170, 175, 189, 199, 201f., 205n, 212, 215, 224; see also Buddhism; Christianity; Daoism; Hinduism; Jainism; Tantra
repetition ( or repeating) (of meditation sound or mantra) 2, 8f., 29, 36f., 46, 51, 65, 74, 78, 86, 103, 109, 111, 113f., 126f., 129f., 132, 134, 138f., 141f., 144, 150, 155, 165, 172, 174, 176, 180, 189, 191f., 194, 196, 198–201, 203, 214f., 227f., 230f., 236ff., 240, 242
repression 107, 131, 234
residue ( or residual impression) 24, 109, 131
resistance 194, 204, 215
ReSource project 59, 63
respiration 11; see also breath(ing)
respiration rate ( or respiratory rate) 57, 232, 239
rest and digest, see feed and breed
rest(ing) 5, 7f., 13n, 17, 21, 23f., 30, 39f., 44, 46f., 53–59, 61f., 64ff., 161, 168, 176, 178ff., 232, 236f.
resting state 9, 23, 39, 58, 62, 66
resting state network 5f., 39, 64
restless(ness) 103, 109, 131, 133, 194
result (of meditation) 3, 11, 45, 62, 67, 81, 87–90, 93, 95, 106, 119, 128, 133, 140, 142, 174ff., 180, 191, 193, 195, 203, 228, 230, 233, 235, 239, 241f., 255f., 259; see also effects
retreat 30, 192, 197, 203, 216, 231; see also deepening retreat
reward and punishment 151, 154, 157
rosary 191
rule 137f., 141–145, 154, 157n, 158n; see also moral rule
rumination 5, 10, 106, 122f., 130, 172, 233
salience network 19, 244n
samadhi 164, 255
samsara 255
secular(ity) 6, 53, 175, 189ff., 201f., 223f., 238
self 5, 34, 41ff., 107, 109, 114, 151, 154f., 193, 254f.; see also divided self
self-administered 88, 110, 123, 241
self-assertive(ness) 107
self-awareness 113, 133, 168, 227, 231; see also self-insight; self-knowledge; self-understanding
self-blame 99, 133, 193
self-confidence 100, 127f., 130f.
self-control 99f., 103, 109
self-criticism 127, 129
self-devaluation 128
self-esteem 105, 127, 142; see also self-image
self-generated meditation object 236, 243
self-generated thought 36
self-hypnosis, see autohypnosis
self-image 24, 26, 88, 127ff., 131, 235; see also negative self-image; positive self-image; self-esteem
self-image processing 24, 26
self-insight 107; see also self-awareness; self-knowledge; self-understanding
self-interest 147
self-knowledge 102, 133, 145, 151ff., 157; see also self-awareness; self-insight; self-understanding
self-monitoring 25
self-observation 191, 221, 224ff., 228–231, 236, 244
self-realization 92
self-referential thought 7
self-reflection 165, 203, 231
self-reflective thought 64
self-regulation 110, 113
self-report(ing) 11, 74, 107, 161, 181f.
self-respect 131
self-suggestion, see autosuggestion
self-understanding 213; see also self-awareness; self-insight; self-knowledge
sense of self 193
sensibility 150
sensitivity 26, 70, 105, 112, 150, 152, 157, 195, 221, 231; see also introspective sensitivity
sentiment 147, 158n; see also emotion; mood; passion; moral sentiment
sentimentalism 137f.
Seven Deadly Sins 250
shift (between mental sets) 113f., 229, 244n
shift of perspective 5, 126, 133f., 228
short-term effect 204, 215, 222, 227ff., 230, 240, 243
side effect 195
silence 45, 128, 203, 215, 231, 264
Silent Illumination 45
single photon emission computed tomography; see SPECT
sleep problem ( or disturbance) 75, 88, 91, 119–122; see also falling asleep
sleep quality 75
smartphone sampling 22
so-soku ( or counting the breaths) 63
social anxiety disorder 23
social attention 77, 80f.
social environment 19, 41, 45, 89
sound-based meditation object 7, 9, 238
SPECT ( or single photon emission computed tomography) 179
spirituality 6, 45, 164ff., 168, 201f., 204, 205n, 223, 251, 253
spontaneous activity ( or spontaneous mental activity; spontaneous thought) 2, 6–11, 20f., 29f., 36f., 39f., 42, 60, 63f., 106, 111, 114, 122f., 132, 138f., 141f., 144, 156, 174, 179, 199, 231, 234, 237, 248, 258; see also mind wandering
spontaneous debriefing 65
spontaneous meditation object 236f., 243
spontaneous (mental) processing 50f., 65ff., 232
spontaneous response 50, 129, 240
state of mind; see mental state
stiffness 52
stimulus-independent thought 2, 6f., 36, 39f.; see also mind wandering
stream of consciousness 164, 204, 220, 223, 225, 229ff., 237; see also mind wandering
stream of thoughts 35, 44, 149, 194, 197, 251, 254, 259; see also mind wandering
stress 17f., 20, 23f., 26, 45, 47, 52–56, 66f., 70f., 73, 75ff., 79ff., 84f., 87–96, 106f., 118ff., 122f., 127f., 139, 142, 148, 171, 175f., 195, 203, 215, 222, 228, 230, 232, 238; see also post-traumatic stress disorder
stress hormone 55, 67, 175
stress management 73, 90f., 96, 119ff., 123, 243, 263
stress reaction 50, 52, 56, 91, 119ff.
stress reduction 51, 54, 60, 63, 67, 70f., 73ff., 77f., 81, 85, 88ff., 93ff., 98, 107f., 119f., 128, 171, 173, 189, 193, 196, 203, 222, 224, 227, 229f.
stress release 51, 213ff.
stress response 11, 52, 56
stress tolerance 56, 123
stressful emotion ( or memory; thought) 20, 22, 43, 128, 139
stroke 71f., 77, 80
subconscious 44; see also non-conscious; unconscious
subjective interests 148, 150
suggestion 174; see also autosuggestion
suppression 9, 98f., 104f., 107ff., 114, 142, 226, 234f., 249, 253, 255, 257f.
survival 16–19, 23, 79, 232
sustained attention 113, 224, 233, 243
Suzuki, D. T. 170
Swedenborg, Emmanuel 164
sympathetic nervous system 56ff., 239
sympathy 148
symptom scores 85, 87ff.
synapses 28, 41, 43
synaptic plasticity 178
Tantra 165
task-related thought ( or thinking) 36, 44
task-unrelated thought 7, 36, 38, 44; see also mind wandering
technical guidance 192
technical skill 145, 195
telomere 106f.
tension release 53, 86, 188, 195f., 205n, 232
theory of mind 43
Theosophy 164ff., 182
theta wave 10, 61ff., 178f.
thought control 37, 42, 99, 101–104, 106f., 109f., 112, 114
tired(ness) 30, 52, 77, 128, 139, 143, 148, 235
TM ( or Transcendental Meditation) 6, 24, 53, 56, 64f., 72, 76–80, 86, 92, 166ff., 175, 178, 180, 191, 195, 197–202, 204, 205n, 211–214, 223f., 234, 241, 244n
tolerance 40, 126f., 134, 155
top-down (approach) 12, 44, 107, 220, 238f., 241, 243
trait 25f., 92, 148, 238ff.
trance 162, 164
transcendence 198, 202, 205n, 213f.; see also automatic self-transcendence
Transcendental Meditation; see TM
unconscious 107f., 113, 138, 144, 156; see also non-conscious; subconscious
uninvited thought 221; see also mind wandering
unresolved (psychological or mental) issue 3, 12, 128, 194, 198, 229, 231f.
unstressing 195
values 107, 151, 153ff.
Vedic meditation 212
verbal processing 231, 263
verbal thought 40
Vipassana 242, 258
virtue 101, 141f., 144, 158n, 175
voluntary attention 29
wakeful(ness) 62, 65, 162, 168, 177ff., 235
watchfulness 250f.
well-being 17, 52, 66, 91, 94, 162, 189
wellness 73f., 85, 92
wide-angled attention 9
will 37, 52, 130, 133, 138, 141f., 145, 147, 157n, 169; see also free will
willpower 131, 255
word fluency 79
working mechanisms, see mechanisms of change
workplace 26, 91, 96, 119
worry 23, 85, 88, 91, 106, 119–123, 149
Wukai 257
Yoga (tradition) 165, 254f.
yoga (practice) 160, 163f., 166, 171, 195f., 224f., 242, 263f.
Yoga Sutra 255
Zen 45, 63, 107, 170, 172, 177f., 242, 256; see also chán